https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-every-us-person-should-know-do-professor-xiaoxing-jeremy-wu?published=t https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/%E9%83%97%E5%B0%8F%E6%98%9F%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%89%E8%AE%BC%E6%A1%88-%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%81%9A%E4%BA%9B%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88-jeremy-wu Published on May 31, 2017 Like 郗小星教授的诉讼案 - 我们(美国人)应该知道什么、做些什么 0 Comment 0 Share Share 郗小星教授的诉讼案 - 我们(美国人)应该知道什么、做些什么 0 Jeremy Wu Follow Jeremy Wu Retired, Federal Government (英文原作)胡善庆博士 jeremy-wu.info (中文翻译)殷余民,王文奎 English | 简体 | 繁體 天普大学教授郗小星最近提出的民事诉讼 对每个美国人、尤其是华裔来说都具有非常重要和深远的意义。这里的“美国人”是从法律意义上讲的 ,涵盖任何美国公民或者永久居民,以及根据美国法律成立的实体。 郗教授的诉讼案提醒我们,美国人享有宪法赋予的权利,并受到法律保护。毋庸置疑,国家安全是很有必要的,一个国家只有强大才能保障我们的自由。然而,如果政府根据种族和原籍背景而针对无辜的人选择性执法,以国家安全为幌子滥用权力,那么就破坏了人民的生活,践踏了宪法赋予我们的权利。任何美国人可以因为这些不法行为而起诉政府。 本文试图对郗小星教授这次诉讼的背景和社会环境作一分析,并提出如下四条建议,以帮助支持郗教授,支持我们的社区: 主动了解郗小星教授的遭遇,并广泛宣传和推动对郗教授的支持。 向郗小星教授法律维权基金捐款: http://www.xiaoxingxi.org/ 。 积极与代表自己选取的议员联系,参与立法改革过程,保护我们的权利。 在适当的时候,向法庭呈递支持郗小星教授的“法庭之友”书状(Amicus Briefs) 。 美国宪法第四、第五修正案 美国宪法的前十项修正案,统称为“权利法案”(Bill of Rights),于1791年由美国国会通过,并由各州批准。 具体而言,美国宪法第四修正案 规定: “不得侵犯人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产免受不合理搜查、扣押的权利。除非有合理依据,同时以宣誓或代誓宣言保证,并具体说明要搜查的地点、要扣押的人、物,不可签发搜捕状。” 第四修正案的最终目标是保护人民的隐私权、和免遭政府随意入侵的权利。 美国宪法第五修正案 规定: “无论何人,除非依据大陪审团的报告或起诉书,不可被判死罪或其他罪行,除非案件发生在陆军、海军或者民兵队伍中,并且当事人正在服役,而且发生在战时、或出现公共危险情况时。任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭对受生命、人身的惩罚。任何人不得在刑事案件中被迫自证其罪,或者未经正当法律程序而被剥夺生命、自由或财产。不给予公正的补偿,私有财产不得充作公用。” 第五修正案的最终目标是确保人民在法律诉讼过程当中受到平等的法律保护(Equal Protection),和司法公正(Due Process)。 随着时间的推移,新的法律条文和法庭裁决为这些基本的宪法权利提供了进一步的解释和支持。例如,随着我们进入信息时代,最高法院于1967年 解释到 ,宪法第四修正案中针对实地搜查的要求同样适用于电子监视。 随着快速搜集与合并大量电子数据的技术不断发展,1974年通过了“隐私权法案” ,旨在“避免由于对联邦记录的滥用而对个人隐私的侵犯”,以及“允许个人获得查看与自己相关的联邦记录的权限”。 美国的大规模监视活动 据报道,美国政府对人民的大规模监视起始于第一次世界大战期间 ,在1917年“间谍法案” 颁布后。 20世纪70年代的水门事件丑闻揭露了尼克松总统利用联邦资源(包括执法部门),来监视国内的政治团体、社会活动团体。弗兰克·车尔驰参议员领导美国参议院一个调查委员会 对情报机关和其他联邦机构在1975年滥用权力的情况进行了调查。 随后,1978年通过了“外国情报监视法案”(FISA) ,旨在“保障司法部门和国会对美国政府监视外国实体和个人的活动进行监督”。 FISA法案允许政府在获得法院许可的前提下对外国组织和个人监视长达一年。只有指定的FISA法院才有权提供许可,并且必须有正当的监视理由、和具体的监视场所。法院必须确保拟报批的监视活动中涉及到美国人的信息的部分,满足某些“最低要求”。最小化(Minimization) 是一个法律术语,指“限制政府通过合法途径收集不相关的个人信息的能力”。 1981年,里根总统签署了12333号总统令 ,以扩大美国情报机构的职权,进一步加强了情报收集和监视活动。 1996年通过的“经济间谍法案”(EEA) ,把为盗取商业秘密为国外势力谋利,或伤害商业秘密所有人的行为定为联邦犯罪。EEA不同于1917年“间谍法案”,涵盖商业信息,而不是机密、国防信息。 2001年的9·11恐怖袭击震动了美国和全世界,美国政府迅速加强了安全管制,并于2001年10月26日颁布“爱国者法案” ,开始打破了公民自由与国家安全之间微妙的平衡。“爱国者法案”引起了大量的关于违反宪法权利、特别是第四修正案的争议,而且这个趋势还在继续。值得注意的是,中国人或者华人并没有参与任何恐怖袭击事件。 在9·11事件发生之后,布什政府还搞了一系列秘密的、没有搜捕许可的窃听活动,其中包括对数百万美国人的电话、电子邮件和其他电子通讯的监测。 2014年,PBS播出了一部两集纪录片 ,描述了对外国目标的监视如何转向美国国内,以及美国国家安全局(NSA)与高科技公司之间的秘密合作。 许多这些秘密计划一直等到2013年被美国政府的合同工爱德华·斯诺登 披露之后,才被公众所了解。 斯诺登所披露的信息中令人不安的一个内容,是“2008年FISA修正法案”第702节 ,被NSA用来直接从互联网服务提供商那里大量收集电子数据。虽然该法律原本只是针对美国以外的非美国人,但NSA据此来收集“附带性的”(Incidental)美国人的通讯,并使用“后门漏洞” 等有争议的做法 ,在没有获得搜捕许可的情况下获取这些信息。 在2010年美国外交电报大规模泄漏 之后,2013年斯诺登泄密之前,奥巴马总统于2011年发布了13587号总统令 ,以“提高机密网络的安全性”。随后,2012年又开始在政府机构中施行“国家内部威胁管理条例” ,并预定在2016年底前全面实施。 对美国华裔的影响 每个美国人,特别是华裔,都应该关心和了解这些影响到我们宪法权利和国家安全的事件。 FISA法案于2008年被修订,并于2012年重新授权五年(有效期延至2017年底)。美国政府监视的范围就从只针对基地组织和恐怖组织,扩大到总体的国家安全。 美国司法部(DOJ)和联邦调查局(FBI)开始了公开宣传,把经济间谍活动视为排在恐怖主义之后的,对美国国家安全的第二大威胁,并将中国当作罪魁祸首。联邦调查局 的一个报道说,2015年有数百起经济间谍案件,比上一年上升53%,中国是导致这个上升的原因。 在短短两年的时间内,至少有四名入籍归化的华裔美国科学家,包括郗小星教授,被起诉、逮捕和指控为中国间谍。不过,无一例外,政府最终都撤销了对他们的指控,而且没有给出任何解释。然而,这些无辜的个人和他们的家庭却由此蒙受了重大的损失。 尽管在过去两年来,美国国会、美国民权委员会、各种媒体、社区组织和专业组织,以及关心这些事件的有关人士多次提出质询和呈请,司法部却拒绝对这些明显的针对华裔美国科学家的错误指控的现象展开独立调查,或提供充分的解释和道歉。 1997年至2015年间,在“经济间谍法案”(EEA)下进行诉讼的有136起案件,涉及187名被告。通过对这些案件的实证研究,百人会最近发布了一份白皮书 ,其中发现: 自2009年以来,EEA指控的华裔百分比增加了两倍 在大约一半的案件中,美国实体是受益方,大约三分之一的案件涉及中国受益人 涉嫌间谍罪的亚裔被告人,被判决的刑罚比其他族裔人士严重程度超过一倍 在间谍案中被起诉的,亚裔有五分之一可能是无辜的;这个比例是比其他族裔的两倍 郗小星教授的起诉书共有21页 ,其中被告是联邦调查局的首席探员,和几个没有指定姓名的探员。郗教授的起诉书指出,他们有以下五项侵犯他的宪法第四、第五修正案权利的行为: 恶意检控 (Malicious Prosecution) 违反平等保护和正当司法程序 (Equal Protection and Due Process Violation) 非法搜索和扣押 - FISA监视令 (Unlawful Search and Seizure - FISA Orders) 非法搜查和扣押 - 无证监视 (Unlawful Search and Seizure - Warrantless Surveillance) 非法搜查和扣押财产 (Unlawful Search and Seizure of Property and Belongings) 可能还会有更多联邦调查局探员被加到被告名单里。据媒体报道 ,郗小星教授还可能会依据“联邦侵权索赔法” 对政府提出索赔。 在法律界,郗教授的案件被认为是一起“比文斯诉讼”(Bivens action) ;比文斯诉讼通常是指“联邦官员违反美国宪法导致损害的行为”。最高法院于1972年裁定,“联邦官员违反宪法第四修正案的行为,可以作为针对非法搜查和拘捕造成的伤害而发起联邦诉讼的依据。” 对宪法第四修正案权利的关切是广泛的,特别是随着现代技术进步,社会正在快速变化 。2016年7月,美国国会设立了由两党共同组成的“国会第四修正案核心小组” , 由共和党议员泰德·波(R-Texas)和民主党议员佐夫·洛夫格伦(D-California)主持,旨在保护数字时代美国人的隐私和安全。 由背景多样化、跨党派的公民自由权研究专家联合起来成立了“宪法第四修正案咨询委员会”,以辅助国会第四修正案核心小组的工作。该委员会已经在国会大厦组织了一系列的讨论会,以教育国会工作人员,促进公众参与,讨论如何保护公众的隐私权。2016年12月1日,郗教授作为特邀讲员,在他们组织的“常见的嫌疑人:政府监视活动中的偏见”讨论会 上演讲。 2017年,国会第四修正案核心小组的一个重要任务是对FISA修正法案的重新授权,特别是第702节----该法案将于12月31日到期。虽然基于政治和国家安全的原因,不会让这项法律失效。但是,在重新授权的过程中,一定要增强透明度和问责机制。 目前,越来越多的报道指出,华裔美国人常常被“国家内部威胁者项目” 选择性地追踪。美国国土安全部和联邦调查局等联邦机构已经开始着手改变法律程序,以在“隐私法案”下豁免他们自己 。例如,拒绝正在被调查的个人查看自己的文件等。这些隐蔽做法如果得到实施,将为绕过宪法赋予的个人权利提供方便,使无辜个人被不法指控的可能性增加,并且没有追索权。 我们如何帮助郗教授、帮助我们自己 美国的立国宪法,只包含了核心的基本原则和法律规则。尽管她不是一个完美的国家,但是由于包括亚裔内的美国人民的智慧和贡献,她在不断地改进。 亚裔美国人经历了长期被歧视、排斥、甚至拘禁的历史。我们不能继续容忍政府行为中那些拿亚裔当替罪羊、或者用定向思维把亚裔与特定的不良行为联系起来的做法(或者针对任何一个美国人这样做),任由恶意歧视、隐性族群偏见 、或者粗暴的疏忽大行其道。然而,在现实中,选择性执法、种族形象定性还在继续破坏人们的生活,践踏宪法赋予我们的权利。 美国政府和国家司法系统不仅有义务惩罚有罪的人,还有义务保护无辜的人。 郗小星和他的家人,以及陈霞芬和其他的无辜人士,遭到了错误的检控和调查,是在国家安全的幌子下遭受长期不公正对待的最新受害者。 对于许多人来说,郗小星教授这次起诉政府,象征着在恢复公民宪法权利道路上的一个突破性的步骤;这有别于过去的只是针对错误指责作出被动反应的做法。无辜、守法的美国人应该能够自由地在电话中交谈、发送电子邮件、参与科学交流、进行正常的社会活动和职业活动,而不受政府的持续监听,不用担忧会像住在由警察控制的国家里一样遭到迫害。 缘此,我们可以从以下四个方面来帮助郗小星教授、帮助我们自己: 主动了解郗小星教授的遭遇,并广泛宣传和推动对郗教授的支持。 向郗小星教授法律维权基金捐款: http://www.xiaoxingxi.org/ 。 积极与代表自己选取的议员联系,推动加强政府工作透明与文责机制的立法改革,尤其今年FISA修正法案的重新授权,保护我们的权利。 在适当的时候,向法庭呈递支持郗小星教授的“法庭之友”书状(Amicus Briefs) 。 参考文献 Mintpress News (2017). 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Attorney: FBI singling out Chinese-Americans with insider-threat program. http://fxn.ws/2hRxvW2 . Wu, Jeremy (2016). ALERT: Reject the DHS Proposal. http://bit.ly/2qj2SwR . Wu, Jeremy (2016). Concerns of Implicit Bias against Asian Americans. http://bit.ly/2pyjnGa . Wikipedia (n.d.). Amicus curiae. http://bit.ly/2qjLxlh .
美国媒体报道说迪斯尼乐园从下个月起取消一项残疾人的特权!目前残疾人及其家人在迪斯尼 乐园的各个景点不用排队,他们可以直接进去。不少人就钻这个空子,他们雇佣一些残疾人把自己扮成残疾人的家人从而在迪斯尼乐园里畅通无阻,什么地方都不用 排队了。由于这样的人很多,迪斯尼不得不取消这项给残疾人的特权。具体报道如下: By Hugo Martin September 23, 2013 , 1:22 p.m. Starting next month, Disney theme parks will change the policy that lets visitors with disabilities skip the long lines for attractions. Instead of giving visitors with disabilities and their family members a card that allows them to go directly onto rides, the guests will be given a scheduled time period to return to get faster access to the attraction. In essence, guests with disabilities and their families will get to use a new version of the Fastpass tickets offered for certain rides to all guests. The new policy will begin Oct. 9. "Given the increasing volume of requests we receive for special access to our attractions, we are changing our process so that it creates a more consistent experience for all our guests while providing accommodations for guests with disabilities," said Disneyland spokeswoman Suzi Brown. The change in policy comes partly in response to reports this year that guests at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Fla., were hiring disabled people to accompany them into the park to skip the lines. A petition to ask Disney executives to reconsider the policy change has already generated more than 20,000 signatures with the progressive advocacy group Moveon.org. The petition says the policy change might make people with disabilities reconsider visiting Disney parks. "My son is autistic and we have booked a trip to stay at Disneyland's Paradise Pier Hotel for the Christmas holiday and this will change everything for him," wrote a Morgan Hill, Calif., resident who signed the petition. http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-disney-changing-policy-for-guests-with-disabilities-20130923,0,463601.story
刚给了李晓洁的教友之一赵女士打电话,搞得我也没脾气。赵女士说法庭听证时她们几个本来是作为证人等着传呼,可是李晓洁的律师让她们在挺外等着,根本没有被传呼。等到李晓洁被定罪拒捕,但是缓刑三年,她们好像都认为判的不错。我听了气不打一处来,我说定罪就是定罪,不管有没有惩罚。我说那个律师把李晓洁买了。赵女士说那有什么办法,美国法庭就是这样。我说为什么苹果员工作证李晓洁能说英语,比如“leave me alone, let me go”,赵说那是撒谎。我认为岂止撒谎,那是做伪证。我见过李晓洁,她只能迸出英文单词,说不成句子。赵女士说法庭上也有苹果员工说李晓洁不懂英语,但是新州媒体只挑说她懂英语的证人证词。 赵女士当时虽然没有进入法庭,但是侨报记者李强在里面。 法庭上,根据新州新闻报道(WMUR)报道法官看了【苹果】店录像认为李晓洁懂英文。我认为,这个录像是关键证据,最好把它公布,看看是不是法官撒谎。 http://www.wmur.com/news/nh-news/woman-found-guilty-of-resisting-arrest-in-mall-incident/-/9857858/20102278/-/g4htpx/-/index.html#ixzz2T6SNZrfS 我也对赵女士说,不是看不起教会,那就是。。。。。 我把新州报道的录像给美国友人看,美国人看了认为理所当然定罪,说您看 “leave me alone, let me go ”,能不懂英语吗?我说那是撒谎,老美说“就你们中国人说真话,别人都撒慌?” 我说我见过这人,她就是说不成句子“。老美干脆气我”有罪!有罪!有罪!(guilty)...“ 我干脆气老美”波士顿爆炸,该炸!该炸!该炸!(deserve)“, ... 最后搞的不欢而散。
以前在中国,曾听说美国是家庭妇女的天堂,不仅离婚的时候可以分一半的家产,而且还可以合法地从前夫那里拿赡养费,因此她们可以放心大胆地带孩子做家务,不必担心被抛弃了衣食没有着落。 来美国以后,看到和听说了不少当地美国人的离婚故事,发现有些家庭妇女倒是在离婚以后过得更滋润了,可那些支撑家庭财政收入的男人们在离婚后往往处于无奈的尴尬境地,很令人同情。而且,赡养费是否合理合法也令人置疑。 一般认为如果丈夫犯了严重错误,比如红杏跑到墙外头去了,妻子因此要求离婚,那么无论离婚后财产的处置如何有利于妻子也没什么大惊小怪的,谁都应该对自己犯的错误负责。可是也有相反的情况。 我的一位牧师朋友讲了他的一个医生朋友的故事。信教的医生发现妻子有外遇后非常痛心,因此提出离婚。离婚的结果让这位医生大为震惊,前妻分得了70%的家产。他左思右想也想不通,为什么他工作这么辛苦又这么无辜反而落得个人财两空?除了跟当牧师的朋友叨叨这件事,还跟其他人也叨叨,精神严重受创,基本成了个美国男祥林嫂。 有人可能会说,这不奇怪,美国有些州实行的是no fault离婚,不计较谁犯了错误,男的遇到这种事,要想不破财,最好是闷着别言声。男的是不是吃个哑巴亏就行了? 前几年公司来了个50多岁的新同事。新同事有个特点是见了女同事一律带答不理,问他点问题一律气哼哼。有一天,新同事捧着他的怦怦跳的人造心脏,一脸苦涩地跟别人诉说:到了我这个年纪啊,不管发生了什么事,还是养着老婆合算,她要离婚也不跟她离。看看我现在吧,我辛苦经营多年的店铺让她拿走了,房子她也拿走了,我什么也落下,只好一把年纪出来给人打工。我老婆怎么就会交上那么个损友?教给她怎么办离婚,让我got nothing! 有人可能又会说,是啊,碰到个厉害老婆,即使是她有错在先,你也只得认倒霉。因为她就在法官跟前be difficult,男的就没招治,她就能得到她想要的。而且光是分家产还不算最狠的,有种叫终生赡养费的东西更要人命,要付她一辈子的。 公司里雇了个挺能干的咨询,家住圣地亚哥,在纽约也有好多业务,从东到西满世界跑。闲聊的时候他笑眯眯地说起女儿要从伯克利本科毕业了,往后的日子要轻松一点了。我问他有没有其他孩子,他说还有个儿子正读MBA。我开玩笑问他是否也给儿子付MBA的学费,他摇头说不付。但是,他话锋一转,调侃道:我跟儿子说了,如果他能帮着让他妈妈再结婚,那我就付他的MBA学费,保证没问题。他无奈地摇摇头,他妈妈什么时候才能再结婚哪? 不知道这位同事的儿子听了这话会对他未来的婚姻怎么想? 另一个有儿子的离婚男士是个著名人物 -- 曾是美国知识产权历史上最著名的案件之一的核心律师之一,多年前跟前妻离了婚。离婚的导火索是某个纪念日,律师买错了送给前妻的项链,前妻先是喋喋不休地抱怨,最后坚持要离婚。除了分家产以外,律师每月还要付给前妻一笔数目可观的赡养费。前妻住在曼哈顿一栋公寓里,过得是去第五大道买名牌,到欧洲旅游,休休闲美美容的日子。用她儿子的话说:我妈妈整天就是consume, consume, never contribute. 前妻有个男朋友,但是多年来一直也没结婚。律师也有个女朋友,想结婚,又感觉负担很重,除了付前妻的赡养费,还得给儿子交私立大学的学费。而且已经50多岁的他,做了多年压力非常大的诉讼工作,很想退休,可是数数荷包里的银子,给前妻的赡养费还没存够数,只好捏着鼻子继续干下去。 这位哈佛法学院出身的律师曾无奈地跟儿子说:儿啊,以前你妈妈看上去是个down to the earth的人,没想到跟我结婚以后变得这么贪图名牌享受,希望以后你的运气比我好。儿子天生很聪明,在美国顶尖一流的大学读书仍然是顶尖学生,但是只跟女孩子睡觉,从来不交长久的女朋友,谁要是提起结婚这个字眼,他嘴里就会像条件反射似的冒出一连串的NO,NO,NO,扬言像他爸爸这么能干的人都被结婚给毁了,他不去找那个不自在。 有人可能要说,法律规定必须付给没有收入的前妻赡养费,这些离婚男人无奈也白搭。真是这样吗?如果你查一下wikipedia就会发现: It(alimony) is not an absolute right, but may be granted. 都说美国是个法治国家,现在看来也不尽然,起码赡养费这一条就是一笔糊涂账。以下是我在wikipedia上阅读有关赡养费的条目后的理解: 1. 有关终身赡养费的法律是基于17世纪的英国,过了这么好几个世纪,男人和女人的情况发生了差不多天翻地覆的变化 --女人都当了议会主席,竞选了总统,连上世纪70年代还只招收男生的加州理工也赶时髦向麻省理工看齐,招了约40%的女生,可是法律并没有跟上这个发展。据说赡养费不是唯一的没跟上形势的,BP在墨西哥湾发生的原油泄露,人们要求海事赔偿的时候,一翻法律,发现那还是泰坦尼克号出事那会儿制定的。 2. 美国各州各自为政,有些州根本没有响应的指南,全凭法官跟着感觉走,而有的州虽然有指南,但是说得不清不楚,还是靠法官来定夺。美国人大概没听说过“清官难断家务事”,过分相信他们的清楚明白的法官。但是这些法官一搅进两夫妻的陈芝麻烂谷子里去,也给搞得像一盆浆糊,做的决定既不连贯又不公平,这个离婚赡养费也就判得乱七八糟。 值得庆幸的是,有些州,例如佛罗里达,得克萨斯和湎因州已经开始取消终身赡养费,代之以有时间限制的赡养费。赡养费法律的改革呼声也在很多州风起云涌,指责现有的赡养法刺激离婚的财产大战,对孩子造成负面影响,而且鼓励不劳而获等等。希望在不远的一天,离婚赡养费法会有一个合理的指南。
Normal 0 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 朋友发来的,挺好玩的,贴上来逗你们一笑。 如今四位中国领导最令外国记者头痛的,是他們的姓。现任的两位,一个是 President Who (胡主席),一个是 Premier When (温总理),一个是「谁」,一个是「何时」,外国记者读得舌头打转。但那么多年了,好不容易也习惯了。 不料,这头刚刚习惯了 ,「 Who 」 和「 When 」,接着來了两个更拗口的,一个是 President She (习主席),一个是 Secretary Her (贺国强书记),这一下,挑战更大了。 英 语记者如 果不把舌 头 捋平了, 简 直沒法 报 道新 闻 :「 She said, I mean he said... She said Who told When... He said, oh I mean Her said, oh yeah, I mean not her said, I mean he said... Oh, my God !」 中国人为难美国人的时代,终于降临了, Yeah ! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";}
摘要: 针灸在美国已得到广泛的认可和推广,美国50个州中到目前为止有46个州已将针灸合法化,绝大部分针灸医师同时也以膳食补充剂 (dietary supplements) 的名义为患者配中药处方,中药的认证与针灸相比相对缓慢,目前治疗心绞痛和冠心病的中药复方丹参地黄片 (Compound Danshen Dripping Pill) 已通过FDA的二期临床试验,估计通过三期临床试验后将在2013年作为处方药上市,由于研发一款新药上市耗时费钱,一般要化8亿到13亿美元,从中医药库中发掘新药将被视为一条捷径,估计今后将会有更多的中成药在美国通过FDA药检被批准上市。 世界卫生组织的官方立场:传统医学能治病,世界卫生组织将与成员国合作推广使用传统医药用于保健,支持成员国将传统医学纳入国家保健体系。 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ 此文意在提醒少数国人摆正心态,对中医中药毋须妄自菲薄,更不可毫无科学依据恶意诽谤。 不懂英文者抱歉请使用 google translator,应该能看懂个大概意思。 A History of Chinese Medicine in the United States by Yvonne Scarlett(ZT) “At first people refuse to believe that a strange new thing can be done, then they begin to hope it can be done, then they see it can be done, then it is done and all the world wonders why it was not done centuries ago.” −Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849−1924) Chinese Medicine has been in existence for over 2,000 years long before written texts began, and has been an integral part of Chinese culture. “For Centuries, if not Millennia, it was transmitted as an oral tradition, and the first book to systematically describe its practice, The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic… was probably compiled around 100BCE.” 1 Chinese Medicine has been intertwined with both spiritual and religious practice throughout Chinese history. The fact that it thrived is a testament to its effectiveness in both the prevention and treatment of disease. Acupuncture has been the most rapidly accepted form of Alternative Medicine to be practiced in the USA for over 30years. Its introduction to the United States is generally attributed to Ing ‘Doc’ Hay, who had emigrated to the United States with his father in search of opportunity. Ing came from a long line of herbalists. He settled in the city of John Day after his father had returned to China, and in September of 1888, opened a store with his friend and business partner Lung On. “In addition to the general store, Ing Hay practiced traditional Chinese medicine. He specialized in herbalism and pulseology, a technique that measures the pulse to diagnose medical problems. He became widely known for his ability to cure diseases, that baffled American-trained doctors, and both whites and Chinese would travel from throughout the region to visit the modest office of the “China doctor”.” 2 However, acupuncture and Chinese Medicine remained “generally unknown until it was brought to public awareness by President Nixon’s visit to China in 1972.” 3 Prior to this period “…many Westerners have strange notions about Chinese Medicine. Some of them see it as hocus-pocus – the product of primitive or magical thinking. If a patient is cured by means of herbs or acupuncture, they see only two possible explanations: Either the cure was a placebo effect, or it was an accident, the happy result of hit-or-miss pin-sticking that the practitioner did not understand. They assume that current Western science and medicine have a unique handle on the truth – all else is superstition.” 4 Much of this was dispelled when James Reston, the New York Times journalist who had accompanied the President, experienced the powerful effects of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine first hand. His article titled, “Now, Let me tell you about my Appendectomy in Peking…” 5 in the July 26, 1971, New York Times. “Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine has been practiced in North America ever since the first immigrants came to this continent. It would be presumptuous to assume that the first news of acupuncture in the USA was this Times article that appeared on July 26, 1971. However, among the English speaking citizens of the United States, or at least the vast majority who had no daily contact with Asians, this article represents the first news of acupuncture to hit the mass English-speaking media. We include it at Acupuncture.com as an important event in the evolution of Oriental medicine in North America” James Reston writes, “However, I was in considerable discomfort if not pain during the second night after the operation, and Li Chang-Yuan, doctor of acupuncture at the hospital, with my approval, inserted three long thin needles into the outer part of my right elbow and below my knees and manipulated them in order to stimulate the intestine and relieve the pressure and distension of the stomach. … It has been suggested that maybe this whole accidental experiment of mine, or at least the acupuncture part of it, was a journalistic trick to learn something about needle anesthesia. This is not only untrue, but greatly overrates my gifts of imagination, courage and self-sacrifice. There are many things I will do for a good story, but getting slit open in the night or offering myself as an experimental porcupine is not among them. …Judging from the cables reaching me here, recent reports and claims of remarkable cures of blindness, paralysis and mental disorders by acupuncture have apparently led to considerable speculation in America about great new medical breakthroughs in the field of traditional Chinese needle and herbal medicine. I do not know whether this speculation in justified, and am not qualified to judge.” 5 Mr. Reston’s article opened a veritable ‘Pandora’s Box’ as many discussed the merits, etc. of Acupuncture and Chinese medicine. It took time and the efforts of many courageous individuals to bring Chinese Medicine to the forefront and lobbied for it to have an equal place alongside Western medicine. Several of these persons included Bob Flaws, Miriam Lee and Leon Hammer, M.D. Bob Flaws, one of the most well-known authors and practitioners of Chinese Medicine, since he began his studies in the subject matter in 1977, talks about some of the key differences between Western Medicine and Chinese Medicine, in his April 2003 interview with Elizabeth Liddell of Acupuncture Today . 6 Two of the major differences discussed were, ready-made medicines versus the water-based, individually written version from a Chinese medicine Practitioner, and the dosages prescribed in Western Medicine versus that of Chinese Medicine. He pointed out that in Western Medicine, the prescriptions are a ‘one-size’ fits all type, including the dosages, while in Chinese Medicine, the practitioner, considers the whole person, and creates a ‘made-for-you’ medicine, that takes into consideration, the constitution of the person, with the goal of getting to the root of the problem, instead of just eliminating or treating the symptoms. Mr. Flaws seems to advocate an integrative approach with both, that would provide optimum results with the least or no side effects to the patient. Miriam Lee was one of the first to be licensed in California as an Acupuncturist, in 1976. Several days after her trial in 1974, acupuncture was, “legally made an ‘experimental procedure’ by Governor Ronald Reagan. In 1976, Governor Jerry Brown signed the legislation that once and for all, legalized acupuncture.” 8 Dr. Lee was most well-known for her work with, “Master Tung's ‘Magic Points’. “Master Tung Ching Chang, widely viewed as the greatest acupuncture technician who ever lived, practiced a method of acupuncture that was passed down to him through his family from Shandong, China, for more than 300 years. This system is renowned for the spontaneous and miraculous results obtained using just a few needles. This method is unique in that points are located opposite the affected area, and patients tend to notice effects immediately upon needle insertion. Master Tung broke convention after the Chinese Cultural Revolution and began teaching this amazing system of points outside of his immediate family. Dr. Young Wei-Chieh and Dr. Miriam Lee, both students of Master Tung's, are responsible for bringing this body of work to America.” 8 Dr. Lee is quoted that she always said: "The important thing is to learn which key opens which lock." May Master Tung's Points open as many doors for you as they have for me and for generations before us all.” 8 Dr. Lee was also the founder of the Acupuncture Association of America (AAA) Leon Hammer, M.D. is most known for his work with pulse diagnosis. As a medical doctor he specialized in Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis. He studied Chinese Medicine between 1971-1981. Some of his studies were completed in China. He also studied extensively with Chinese Master Dr. John Shen for a period of over 27 years. As a result of these pioneering efforts, today, “over 46 states have legalized acupuncture/Chinese medicine, there are now over 45 accredited schools of acupuncture/Chinese Medicine, and 100s new books have been published in English, including many translations of classic and modern Chinese works.” 7 Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine have made tremendous inroads since being first introduced in the United States by Dr. Hay. There is hardly anyone today who has not heard of Acupuncture and it has become relatively mainstream. Many, including myself, have found relief from various maladies, with no negative side effects as compared with conventional medicines. Chinese Medicine is now regularly used to treat a variety of conditions. According to AAAOM.COM, “Acupuncture has been cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) to treat over 43 conditions”. Below is a brief list: Allergies/Asthma Immune System Deficiency Anxiety/Depression Infertility Arthritis/Joint Problems Knee Pain Back Pain Macular Degeneration Bladder/Kidney Problems Menopausal Discomfort Childhood Illnesses Neck Pain/Stiffness Colds/Flu Pre-Menstrual Syndrome Cough/Bronchitis Paralysis/Numbness Dizziness Rhinitis Drug Addiction/Smoking Sciatica Fatigue Sexual Dysfunction Frozen Shoulder Shoulder Pain Gastrointestinal Disorders Sinusitis Gynecological Disorders Skin Problems Headache/Migraine Stress/Tension Heart Problems/Palpitations Tendonitis High Blood Pressure Vision Problems There has been a significant mind shift, with people becoming more actively involved in preventive health maintenance, and also in seeking out alternate options for treatment of disease. Chinese Medicine is here to stay and it is only a matter of time, with the demand from the general public, that more insurers will provide adequate coverage for those seeking to use this modality. As stated in the opening quote, “…then it is done and all the world wonders why it was not done centuries ago.”
美国人是很精明的,精明的美国人会签订条约、宣誓保证为其手下败将日本流血吗?这不是一个空泛的主观判断问题,而是涉及对《美日安保条约》的法律解读。 很多人认为《美日安保条约》是一个军事同盟的条约,真是如此吗?让我们看看其条约原文吧。 这份条约的全文参见 http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/qa/ref/1.html 条约共十条。第1条强调应该在联合国框架内维护和平以及加强联合国的作用。其后,具有实质性内容的条款为第5条与6条。 第6条规定,日本向美国军队开放其领土、领空以及海军设施。这一条,体现了日本的战败国地位。正如日本政治家们指出的,美国随时可以武力镇压日本。这与美国对其他轴心国的处置相同。美国保持了对德国与意大利的驻军。这样,美军可以随时扑灭德、意、日的蠢动。 美日安保条约的第5条是很多人所担心的。其英文全文如下: 【ARTICLE V Each Party recognizes that an armed attack against either Party in the territories under the administration of Japan would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional provisions and processes. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall be immediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 51 of the Charter. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.】 本博翻译如下: "第五条 签约方承认在日本管理的区域内对签约任何一方的武装攻击是对其和平与安全的威胁,并且声明将根据其宪法规定以及程序对付这一共同威胁。任何此类武装攻击及因此采取的对策将依据联合国宪章第51条立刻向联合国安理会报告。这些对策在安理会采取相应措施恢复国际和平与安全之后将终止。” 从上文可以看出,《美日安保条约》虽然规定日本必须为美国提供军事基地与设施,但美国并未保证在日本受到攻击时,对攻击方采取 军事 反制措施,而是继续在联合国框架内寻求解决。这个条约反应了美国的战胜国地位以及美国人的精明。因此,《美日安保条约》很难解释为一个军事同盟,更像是一个主人给奴才的最低程度的安全承诺。 如果是军事同盟措辞应该是这样: 如果谁打你日本,就等于打我美国,我会予以军事支持。 参照二战期轴心国的条约,这个差别就非常明显,轴心国条约写的是:“如果缔约任何一方遭受目前欧洲战场或者中日战场之外任何国家的攻击,则其他缔约方将以所有政治、经济以及军事手段支持该被攻击者”。因此,根据这个条约,当美国向日本宣战后,德国、意大利也必须向美国宣战。 类似的, 《 中苏友好同盟互助条约 》也写道:【 一旦缔约国任何一方受到日本或与日本同盟的国家之侵袭因而处于战争状态时,缔约国另一方即尽其全力给予军事及其他援助。】 条款里有明确的军事二字。 通俗点说,美国在这个《美日安保条约》里没有说,你日本要是被人揍了,我肯定帮你打回去。而是说,别人打你日本对我也是威胁,我会依美国国内法处理,并上报联合国安理会的衙门,直到问题解决。
日本人正是看准中国人懦弱、前怕狼后怕虎的心理。中国人的这种心理素质其实是在满清奴役近300年后缺乏智慧的表现。 任何的冲突双方都会有损失,但是聪明的不会只考虑自己的损失,而更多是从对方角度,计算对方的损失,以及取胜之后自己的获利。就像下象棋,你不能傻乎乎地只会护着自己的棋子,而是要计算双方实力对比的消长。 为什么毛泽东敢于出兵朝鲜与美国交战并取胜?因为毛泽东有智慧。智慧表现在哪?在于他不光是计算解放军火力与后勤方面的不利因素,也会计算美军的不利因素。 为什么贺梅案能打赢、为什么我跟美国大公司打官司能打赢?因为胜者有智慧。智慧表现在哪?在于在强敌面前不光是计算自己可能的损失与消耗,而是科学地计算对手的损失。 中国的国力、军事力量超过俄国,为什么日本人敢铐住中国保钓人士,却不敢惹俄毛? 日本人知道俄毛不会客气,惹我试试,炸你倭寇没商量,俄国人对使用热核武器也不会有什么sentimental。 所以,俄国人能做到不战而屈人之兵。 这就是俄国人的智慧。 日本人为什么不怕中国的氢弹?日本人看准了中国人软弱可欺、缺乏战斗意志,有氢弹也不敢真扔。2万日兵就让张学良30万武装到牙齿的东北军放下武器就是一例。 中国对美国也是如此。如果中国摆出决战姿态,美国人会为日本人流血??美国人有这么蠢吗?你去问问希拉里,如果中国轰炸东京,美国会不会轰炸北京?她会颤抖地说,我们肯定会。但是如果再接着问,如果中国对美国本土实施反击,美国怎么办?你看看她会不会说我们美国人民愿意同归于尽。 毛泽东当年打美军可是跨国鸭绿江,克敌于国门之外,美军战死5万余人伤十数万,地球照样转动。最后尼克松亲自去北京、跟老毛握手,美国人民对此欢欣鼓舞。 这就叫积极防御。所谓积极防御就是战略上的防御与战术上的进攻的结合。朝鲜战争,中国不是在鸭绿江边设防,而是越过鸭绿江,直到把联合国军击退至远离中国边境。 战争意愿本身是国家资源与实力的一部分。如果中国今天宣布,日本必须二十四小时之内投降,否则灭绝日本所有10万人口以上城市,日本的选择是什么?理智的选择是投降。 这一点,美国人在1945年已经试过了。波茨坦公告说得很清楚:或者投降,或者迅速而彻底的灭亡。 The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction . 日本人最后选择了屈膝投降。这也是一个理智的选择。 如果日本不理智,而选择灭亡,那也是他们自己的选择。
美国游泳教练协会主席 John Leonard 公开怀疑叶诗文使用禁药之后,美国媒体纷纷转载发表相关影射文章。对此,国际奥委会发言人MARK ADAMS 表示,美国人面对出色的表现不会鼓掌,而只会倒酸水是可悲的。( It's very sad we can't applaud a great performance.) 国际泳联主席 Julio Maglione向美联社称,人们有说蠢话的自由,但指责叶诗文的人有精神病。他指出,参赛的运动员不仅在赛场经过了严格的药检,即使不是赛季他们也得进行药检,叶诗文通过了所以检验,没有任何问题。( FINA president Julio Maglione told The Associated Press that people are free to say "stupid things" if they want. "It's a big mistake," Maglione said of Ye's doubters. "The people that said this is crazy.") 澳大利亚教练对美国人更为恼火:“他们完全是凭空指责,尤其是美国人,因为他们这次基本LOSER”。( "They are just laying it on, especially the Americans because they are losing the whole damn meet," Wood told the AP by phone from Australia. "They are creating double standards.") 麦克菲尔普斯在北京拿八块金牌的时候,中国人给他鼓掌,没有人说怀疑的话。这就是中华文明的气派。 http://www.ajc.com/sports/ioc-fina-and-others-1488114.html see also BBC NEWS 31 July 2012 Last updated at 12:47 GMT China swimmer Ye Shiwen clean, says BOA boss Moynihan Lord Moynihan: "It's regrettable that there is so much speculation out there in the press" Teenage Chinese swimmer Ye Shiwen is not a drug cheat, the British Olympic Association's chairman has said, after a US coach cast doubt on her world record-breaking swim. Lord Colin Moynihan said Ye, 16, had passed drug tests, was "clean" and deserved recognition for her talent.
四年一度的世界体育盛会奥林匹克运动会正在英国伦敦来开帷幕,北京的亲友暴雨水灾刚过,居然通宵不眠等候着凌晨四点的开幕式现场直播。美国人民也翘首以待,结果收到通告:美国人民将在今晚收看现场的录像。美国人无可奈何的伤心愤怒了。 Pete • Harlingen, Texas • 14 minutes ago Why can't I watch the Olympics live????? I thought FOX would carry it CNN isn't ABC CBS NBC, nothing. How is it I can't watch. Bet the Chinese and Indians, and Europe all get to watch but me joe bloe American can't. I'm hurt and furious!!!! steam'n 1 minute 24 seconds ago they probably feel they have to protect us from watching if something should happen. we're told we're number 1, but get treated like number 12. mookymooky 7 minutes ago Sucks. I tried various sites and they are all disallowing streams to any US IP address. I guess NBC will be the only venue to watch the games on...unless you can mask your IP address to make it appear as if you're viewing from another country. Personally I prefer to watch foreign broadcasts because they focus on the events and less on color commentary and marketing then U.S. broadcasts. 真是无语了
七岁的小外甥说,我是华裔美国人 小外甥 Eric 今年七岁,是第四代移民。有一天,我问他:“你是中国人还是美国人”。他回答说:“ I am a Chinese-American( 我是华裔美国人 ) ”。我说你怎么知道的,谁告诉你的?他说:“ I got the idea from the Africa-American (非裔美国人)” 我接着问他:“你爱中国还是爱美国?”他回答说:“都爱( Both )”我说“为什麽?”他就滔滔不绝地用很纯正的普通话说:“我三岁的时候到中国去看外公和外婆,回到这里,我知道我是从那里来的,但是我的朋友都在美国,所以我都喜欢。” 没有人教他,他认同了自己是华裔美国人,他爱美国,也爱中国。网上有些人连小孩都不如,说爱中国就回中国去,殊不知六千万海外华侨,虽然几代都居住在海外,但从来都知道他们的根在那片黄土地上,这是谁也不能割断的血脉关系,祖国的命运和他们息息相关,只有祖国强大,他们才能挺直腰杆在海外立足。 爱祖国,也爱所居住的国家!