Some data:

advanced coal fed electricity power plant could have thermal efficiency around 50%; even if one sets aside solarvoltaic energy

Gasline and truck diesel engines have max efficiency of about  30% and 40%

Electric motors could have efficiency as hi as 90% and require much less maintenance

Oil refineries  convert  crude oil to products with 80% product yield by weight 

(I'm not sure about  green house effect of more coal fed electricity generation vs oil refinery; the latter is known to be very polluting..)

........

HSR sure is more energy efficient than planes and can compete against short and medium haul flights.

Movement on earth basically involve exchange of momentum:

m1v1 = m2v2    ------- m is mass or mass/sec  ( a good example is gun recoil: gun recoil momentum = momentum of bullet + exhaust gas)

1/2(m1v1)² = 1/2 (m2v2)²

(K.E. of  m1 ) / (K.E. of  m2 ) =  m2   / m1  --------(1)

I've little knowledge of flight mechanics but sure a significant % of energy is 'wasted' in pushing(&heating) engine exhaust gas backward. 

HSR sure also push the earth backward but the earth is a hell lot bigger than the train so energy loss is neglectable according to eqt (1).

The above is just a simple but useful model