at 'equivalent' schooling grades

When < half of hindu grade 5 can read grade 2 text, it refers to text in their native language.

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/half-of-class-v-cant-read-class-ii-text/

I read 1)many hindu schools have only 1 teacher and even lack desks and chairs for kids,

2)One of the reasons why the hindus can't even have a large labour-intensive manufacture sector, is that they've difficulty finding properly literate workers.  Their basic literacy test is whether a person can write his name in his/her native language.

........ (During the 50s/60s, the corresponding chinese literacy test was whether the person can write a simple letter)

The yanks even for their problems still belong to a different category