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英语各种修辞方法总结

已有 2934 次阅读2016-9-29 02:01 |系统分类:转帖-知识| business, regular, science, little, 英语

(1)alliteration(押头韵):一组单词的第一个辅音相同,比如例句中四个以l开头的单词。

▲ Let us go forth to lead the land we love.

(2)anacoluthon(错格):句子从一种结构变成另外一种结构,比如例句由肯定结构变成疑问结构。

▲ As a regular reader of your papers -- Why does it give so little space to science?

(3)anadiplosis(联珠):将一个或一组单词重复多遍,比如例句中的servants。

▲ Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of state, servants of fame, and servants of business.

(4)anaphora(首语重复):将一个句子的开头单词或短语,在随后的句子中重复多遍,比如例句中的we shall fight。▲ We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.

(5)anastrophe(词序倒装): 改变正常词序,比如例句中最后一部分,正常词序是yet a breeze never blew up 。▲ The helmsman steered, the ship moved on, yet never a breeze up blew.

(6)antistrophe(逆反复):在每个句子的结尾,重复相同的单词或短语,比如例句中的without warning。▲ In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, without warning. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia, without warning. In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria, without warning.

(7)antithesis(对偶):两个或多个句子,结构相同,但含义相反,或者含义形成对比,比如例句中的is no vice与is no virtue。▲ Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.

(8)aporia(假装疑问):假装表示疑问,做出对某件事情好象不太肯定的样子,比如例句的最后部分。 ▲ Then the steward said within himself, 'What shall I do?'

(9)aposiopesis(中断):突然中断一个句子,以表示恐惧、兴奋等感情,比如例句在I saw后面中断。▲ The first thing I saw -- But I dare not describe the dreadful sight.

(10)apostrophe(顿呼):在叙述过程中,突然对不在场的第三人(或拟人化的抽象事物)的称呼,比如例句中的O you gods。▲ Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him.

(11)archaism(拟古):使用古体单词,或者已废弃单词,比如例句中的sate(sit的古体过去式和过去分词)。▲ Pipit sate upright in her chair, some distance from where I was sitting.

(12)assonance(协音):重复某个发音相同或相似的音节,比如例句中的Thy/thy和-dom/done。

▲ Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.

(13)asyndeton(连接词省略):省略单词、短语或从句之间的连接词,比如例句省略了两个连接词and。▲ But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.

(14)brachylogy(省略):省略一个不太重要、读者通常可以猜出的单词或短语,比如例句省略了out后面的of。▲ He looked out the window.

认为:brachylogy是在作者完全了解这种修辞方法的前提下才能使用的技巧。作者心里应当完全清楚自己省略了一个of,而不是在老师指出后,才发觉遗漏,再用所谓“修辞学”来为自己辩解,那样的辩解,只能是狡辩。一个人,如果连常见的语法错误还无法避免,修辞还是先等一等再学吧。退一步说,即使作者真的打算使用brachylogy,也需要一些技巧,以避免读者把它看成是“错误,”比如,只有在上下文有提示的情况下,才省略某个单词,例如下面这句话。另外,Delphinus认为,brachylogy是各种省略方法的泛称,并不是一种具体的修辞方法,因此建议我将它从45种修辞方法中排除出去。I asked as many questions as they to me.(they后面省略asked)

(15)cacophony(杂音):使用一组发音不和谐的单词,以便让人听着不舒服,比如例句中的一组单词。 ▲ We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will.

(16)catachresis(生硬比喻):用不准确的单词进行不准确的比喻,比如例句中的thirsty ear。

▲ I listen vainly, but with thirsty ear.

(17)chiasmus(交错配列):两个对应部分没有按照a-b-a-b顺序排列,而是按照a-b-b-a顺序排列,比如例句中的(often) (in my thoughts) and (in my prayers) (always)。

▲ Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always.

(18)climax(渐强):重新排列单词、短语或从句,以便让整个句子具有语气逐渐增强的效果,比如例句最后部分and not to yield是整句的高潮。▲ One equal temper of heroic hearts, made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

(19)euphemism(委婉):用礼貌、非冒犯性的表达,代替不礼貌、冒犯性的表达,比如例句中的passed away和went to be with the Lord。▲ Charles Shively, 94, passed away at home and went to be with the Lord on April 22, 20xx, from natural causes.

(20)hendiadys(重言):用and连接两个名词,以代替一个形容词和一个名词,比如例句中的voice and supplication,代替supplicatory voice。▲ I love the Lord, because he has heard my voice and supplication.

(21)hypallage(换置):交换两个单词的位置,交换之后的句子符合语法,但不一定符合逻辑,比如左边的例句变成右边的例句。▲ Apply water to the wound. -- Apply the wound to water.

(22)hyperbaton(倒装):颠倒句子各个部分,通常是颠倒主语和谓语,比如左边的例句可以变成右边的例句。▲ He is happy. -- Happy is he.

(23)hyperbole(夸张):通过夸张达到某种修辞效果,比如例句中的An hundred years.

▲ An hundred years should got to praise thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze, two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest.

(24)hysteron proteron(逆序):故意颠倒事件发生的自然顺序,也就是后发生的先说,先发生的后说,比如左边的例句变成右边的例句。▲ I fall, I faint, I die. -- I die, I faint, I fall.

(25)irony(反语):字面意思与说话人实际想要表达的意思不一致,通常用来讽刺,比如例句中的an honourable man。▲ Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man.

(26)litotes(曲意):利用否定的形式,表达肯定的意思,比如例句中的not healthy相当于dangerous。▲ War is not healthy for children and other living things.

(27)metaphor(隐喻):利用某些单词进行含蓄的比喻,此时这些单词已经不再是字面上的意思了,比如curtain。 ▲ From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.

(28)metonymy(换喻)用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词,比如例句中的sword,用来代替war。▲ The pen is mightier than the sword.

(29)onomatopoeia(拟声):模拟自然界的各种声音,比如例句中的ticktacking。

▲ I hear the clock ticktacking, and time goes by.

(30)oxymoron(矛盾修饰):使用两个或多个自相矛盾的单词,比如例句中的cruel和kind。

(31)paradox(佯谬):似是而非、或者似非而是的表达,比如例句中关于youth的看法。

▲ What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.

(32)paraleipsis(假省):故意省略某个部分之后,修辞效果反而更强,比如例句中possessions后面的省略。▲ That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions ... is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on, and I shall therefore pass it by.

(33)paraprosdokian(没有汉语译文):一个句子的结尾令人感到吃惊,或者令人感到意外,比如例句中的the wall behind me。▲ Many times when I look in the mirror, I see the wall behind me.

(34)paronomasia(双关语):一个单词或短语,同时具有多重含义,比如例句中的grave man,即是严肃的人,又是坟墓中的死人。▲ Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.

(35)personification(拟人):用人的特性来描述人以外的事物,比如England。

▲ England expects every man to do his duty.

(36)pleonasm(冗笔):使用多余的单词,来丰富句子的含义,比如例句中的rich and poor。

▲ No one, rich or poor, will be excepted.

(37)polysyndeton(连词叠用):在一组单词、短语或从句中,连续使用某个连词,比如在例句中,连续使用and,给人一种一气呵成的感觉。

▲ I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water.

(38)prolepsis(预期描写):把未发生的事情当作已发生的事情来描述,比如下面的例句。▲ Oh, I am a dead man!

(39)simile(明喻):用as、like等单词对两个事物进行明确的比较,比如下面的例句。

▲ Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope.

(40)syllepsis(一笔双叙):一个单词与另外两个单词共同使用,其中一组的用法是常见的,另外一组的用法是不常见的,比如例句中hang together是常见的,而hang separately是不常见的。

▲ We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately.

(41)synchysis(没有汉语译文):有意(或者无意)将句子中各个单词的顺序打乱,使人难以理解,

▲ Lunch having he is, as writing one with hand, a book in the other hunched over, and notes he is taking.

(42)synecdoche(提喻):用局部代替整体,或者用整体代替局部,比如例句中的U.S.(美国),在原文中是指U.S. boxing team(美国拳击队)。▲ The U.S. won three gold medals.

(43)synesis(没有汉语译文):单词的搭配符合逻辑,但不符合语法,比如例句中的anyone和them。 ▲ If anyone calls, tell them I am out.

(44)tautology(同义反复):用不同的单词、短语或句子重复同一个意思,比如例句中的两个短语。

▲ With malice toward none, with charity for all.

(45)zeugma(轭式搭配):用一个形容词修饰两个名词,其中一个修饰是通顺的,另外一个修饰则是勉强的,比如将左边的例句改写成右边的例句。▲ With weeping eyes and grieving hearts -- With weeping eyes and hearts


原文:http://www.ttfanwen.com/info_6/fw_1351837.html


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